I is for Irrigation

Irrigation ditch

Irrigation is defined as:  To supply (dry land) with water by means of ditches, pipes, or streams; water artificially.  

I don't know about where you live, but here in MA, many towns have either total outdoor water bans or bans allowing watering on alternating days.  As a result, there are many brown lawns.  But the flowers and the garden need water to be viable. So we set our timers to irrigate the flowers and gardens.  Luckily irrigation today is much different than how humans used to irrigate :)


It's not hard to figure out that irrigation goes way back to when humans first began to settle areas and grow their own food.  Humans most likely began irrigating by filling buckets in rivers or lakes, and carrying it on their head, or on poles to water crops.  But water is heavy, and even with the help of donkey or oxen, it is too difficult to carry enough water to irrigate large fields. So humans figured out ways to make irrigation easier. 

Historians know that ancient Egyptians built mud-brick reservoirs to trap and hold the water from the Nile River.  They also had a network of irrigation canals that filled with water during the flood and were refilled from the reservoirs.  Egyptians built shadufs to lift the water from the canal up to the fields.  A shaduf is a large pole balanced on a crossbeam, a rope and bucket on one end and a heavy counter weight at the other. The rope lowered the bucket into the canal were it was filled with water, then the farmer raised the bucket, swung the pole around and emptied the bucket onto the field.

Example of terracing

Aztecs also had sophisticated irrigation systems, allowing them to farm dry lands. They formed shallow lakes by scooping up mud and forming islands called chinampas. These islands provided very fertile land that was suitable for growing crops.


The Incas created artificial lagoons, and carved out terraces into the steep mountains.  The terracing helped the Incas to take advantage of gravity, and water flowed down the terraces to irrigate the crops. 

Roman aqueduct

Romans are famous for their aqueduct systems which were used for irrigation as well as drinking water.  Aqueducts are man-made conduits to carry water.  Their systems used tunnels within the hillsides to bring water for irrigation to the plains below. The elaborate system that served the capital of the Roman Empire, really is a major engineering achievement. 11 aqueducts were built over a period of 500 years (312 BC to AD 226), and brought water to Rome from as far away as 57 miles.  A portion of the aqueduct system crossed over valleys on stone arches, but most of the system was underground conduits made of stone and terra cotta pipe, but also of wood, leather, lead, and bronze.  Water flowed to the city by the force of gravity alone and usually went through a series of distribution tanks within the city.  But I digress!

spray irrigation

I was shocked to learn that about 39 percent, of all the fresh water used in the United States goes to irrigate crops. Today, farmers prefer to use more sophisticated methods than flooding fields, and relying on gravity.  While modern irrigation methods are more efficient, they also require energy to pump the water and to force it through pipes to where it is needed.  Drip irrigation methods, which deliver water through plastic pipes (with holes in them) is one common method.  Spray irrigation is also widely used, and is similar to how lawns are watered (when there aren't water bans).  These systems have a long tube fixed at one end of the water source, and water is pumped through a tube and shot out by a system of spray-guns.  Although a large area can be watered, this method is inefficient in windy and arid areas where a lot of water evaporates or blows away before it hits the ground.      

drip irrigation

So what can be done to irrigate home gardens and flowers when facing water bans, or if you just want to reduce your water use, and water bill?  Timers are helpful to make sure that areas are not over or under-watered.  Soaker hoses are an option to reduce water use by about 90% compared to conventional watering.  Some are made from recycled materials.  Although I have used soaker hoses in the past for flower beds, I have had problems with pin holes that quickly become geysers, and I'm not sure I would want to use them in the garden since they are made from recycled tires, and may leach heavy metals, lead, cadmium, etc., into the soil like the recycled tire mulches.  


Many gardening catalogs have fancy but expensive rain barrels, which can collect from 50-100 gallons of water from rainwater.  Water collects from rainwater that pours down the roof into the gutters, down the drainpipe, and into to the water barrel.  I'm not sure if during the quick trip down the rooftop if any chemicals from the shingles would cause problems or not, so it may be best to use the collected water for flowers and not for veggies.  At any rate, I've been wishing for a rain barrel and looking up how to make your own rain barrel online, and there are quite a few options, even some that are made from trash can.  I'd love to reduce our water use, still be able to water the flowers, and capturing free rainwater instead of paying the water company! 

rain barrel

This past weekend, my wish came true and while visiting family in NH and walking around the  local  "Olde Home Weekend" where I spied rain barrels.  So of course I had to check out the booth. To my delight, there were directions and parts to make a rain barrel from food grade barrels available locally.  I asked about buying the parts from the young man at the booth and he offered to make one while we watched.  I couldn't believe my luck!  The rain barrels are being promoted by the New Hampshire Coastal Protection Partnership to help reduce nitrogen levels in the Lamprey River and the Great Bay Estuary (to learn more, check out info at www.nhcoast.org or www.lampreyriver.org.)  Increases in nitrogen levels have negative impacts on drinking water, fish, animals, plants, and their economy.  So it felt great to make a donation for the rain barrel constructed while we watched, and knowing that it goes to a great environmental cause.

I is for inspiring causes such as the New Hampshire Coastal Protection Partnership, and ingenious irrigation...using rainwater collected in a recycled rain barrel, made in NH and now residing in MA!


sources: http://www.allabouthistory.org/aztec-civilization.htm  
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incan_agriculture 
http://www.woodlands-junior.kent.sch.uk/Homework/egypt/farming.htm
http://www.historyforkids.org/learn/economy/farming/irrigation.htm 
http://www.crystalinks.com/romeaqueducts.html
http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/irmethods.html

B is for bottles

B is for Bottles....                                                                  
Billions of plastic bottles......

• It is estimated that  Americans buy about 25 billion single serve plastic water bottles
• about 22 billion (about 8 out of 10 water bottles) are NOT recycled
• “The United States ranks first among countries in soft drink consumption. The per-capita consumption of soft drinks is in excess of 150 quarts per year, or about three quarts per week.”James A Howenstine M.D.     A Physician’s Guide to Natural Health Products That Work  http://fooddemocracy.wordpress.com/2007/11/09/chew-on-this-us-soda-consumption  (We won't even get going on the health impacts of soda!!!!)    
• Oil is used to produce plastic; it takes 1.5 million barrels of oil to make water bottles for Americans
• Plastic does not biodegrade
• The water, soda, and juice bottle are made of polyethylene terephthalate (PET)
• Recycling plastic saves twice as much energy as burning it in an incinerator
• Plastic bottles made of PET can be recycled into many useful things including carpet, fleece, bottles, kayaks, school lunch trays, and much more
•  Only ELEVEN states have bottle bills, but no two are alike
• Only THREE states, California, Hawaii and Maine, include plastic water bottles in their laws for deposits on bottles

I would love it if a national "bottle bill" or "producer responsibility bill" were enacted.  Shifting costs from the government and taxpayers to consumers and producers is what the country needs; if only lobbyists could be stifled and politicians would do the right thing and put a national bill in place.  There would be less litter, less resources used, and energy savings.  

The Container Recycling Institute has put together a handy " bottle bill tool kit" to help anyone interested in getting a bottle bill in their state. 39 more states need to take advantage of the tool kit to get a bottle bill in place, and 8 states need to take a look at the tool kit to get water bottles incorporated into their current bottle deposit bills.    http://toolkit.bottlebill.org/

B is for bottles....and BILL....it's time we had a National Bottle Bill/Producer Responsibility Bill!!! 
http://www.bottlebill.org/

Sources:  http://www.container-recycling.org/facts/plastic/     http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/5279230/

Read more: How soda bottle is made - manufacture, making, used, parts, procedure, product, Raw Materials, The Manufacturing Process of soda bottle, Quality Control, Recycling http://www.madehow.com/Volume-1/Soda-Bottle.html#ixzz0pA0NUscJ

The Ides of March....Water Water Everywhere - Day 26

Here in New England it has been raining cats and dogs, and the wind has been howling. As they say about March, "In like a lion, out like a lamb". I'm still waiting for the gentle "lamb" days of spring :)

All this rain has made me think about the precious resource of water....such an important resource yet it is wasted on a daily basis...once it goes down the drain you don't get it back (unless of course you have a grey water system like Ed Begley Jr.).

Recently we replaced both of our older shower heads with a flow rate of 5.5 gallons per minute (gpm) to newer low flow shower heads. We picked Moen Nurture which is only 1.75 gpm. With 6 of us showering, and several divas in the house who enjoy the sauna/shower (to the chagrin of their parents), this was a much needed change! The Moen Nuture has 3 different settings, great shower pressure, and at about $55 we are very happy with the change, and can't wait to see the positive impact on our water bill (our town recently raised the water bill rates too). We will also lower our water heating costs since we are using and wasting less hot water.

Stay tuned to see if we end up cutting off the divas with shower timers!